1/31/2024 0 Comments European war 1“Due to the role they played during the war, businessmen emerged as knights in shining armor,” Klein says, “and the business of the country is business.” Policies enacted by successive Republican administrations resulted in both large tax cuts for big business owners that widened income inequality and a lack of regulation on banks and Wall Street that some historians connect to the start of the Great Depression.Īt the same time, the United States continued its inward turn by curtailing immigration and in 1922 enacting the highest tariff in the country’s history to that point. However, Klein says social changes to the United States as a result of World War I laid the groundwork for the ensuing economic freefall. While the crippled European economy whimpered, the American economy roared through the Twenties. The paper on which German marks were printed had more value as kindling or children’s building blocks than as currency. The exchange rate of the German mark to the American dollar plummeted from 32.9 to 1 in 1919 to 433 billion to 1 by 1924. To come up with the money to meet its obligations, Germany accelerated its currency printing, which caused such hyperinflation that the German mark became virtually worthless. With the Allies refusing to ease reparation terms, Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923, and its economy further crumbled when factories shuttered after France and Belgium occupied the industrial Ruhr region to force German repayment. What ensued was a vicious flow of money back and forth across the Atlantic as American bankers lent money to Germany to pay reparations to the Allies to repay their debts to the United States. In his international bestseller The Economic Consequences of the Peace, Keynes argued that the onerous reparations would only further impoverish Germany and exacerbate the damage caused to the European economy by the war. “The Peace is outrageous and impossible and can bring nothing but misfortune,” wrote economist John Maynard Keynes after resigning in protest as the British Treasury Department’s chief representative to the peace conference. WATCH NOW German Reparations Weigh Down EuropeĪs a result, the punitive Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay billions of dollars in reparations to Great Britain, France, Belgium and other Allies. ![]() “The Allies took the position that if they had to do that, then they would have to collect reparations from Germany that could be used to repay the war loans,” Klein says. Not wanting to be saddled with the cost of a European war, the United States demanded that the Allies repay money loaned to them during the conflict. ![]() “The United States emerged as the logical leader on the world stage and then cut out of that role.” “America was going to make the world safe for democracy and came out disgusted with the whole thing,” Klein says. The disillusionment with World War I led to a retreat from international affairs. While the United States emerged from World War I not only as the world’s leading economic power, but scarred by its involvement in what many Americans saw as a purely European conflict. “Pick any policy you want, and you can see how it leads back to World War I.” America Retreats From the World “World War I and its aftermath is the dark shadow that hangs over the entire period leading up to the Great Depression,” says Maury Klein, professor emeritus of history at the University of Rhode Island and author of Rainbow’s End: The Crash of 1929. ![]() “The war exacted a cruel economic and human toll from the core societies of the advanced industrialized world, including conspicuously Britain, France and Germany.” “There can be little doubt that the deepest roots of the crisis lay in the several chronic infirmities that World War I had inflicted on the international political and economic order,” wrote historian David M.
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